iptables是基于内核的防火墙,功能非常强大,iptables内置了filter,nat和mangle三张表。
filter负责过滤数据包,包括的规则链有,input,output和forward;
nat则涉及到网络地址转换,包括的规则链有,prerouting,postrouting和output;
mangle表则主要应用在修改数据包内容上,用来做流量整形的,默认的规则链有:INPUT,OUTPUT,NAT,POSTROUTING,PREROUTING;
input匹配目的IP是本机的数据包;
forward匹配流经本机的数据包;
prerouting用来修改目的地址用来做DNAT;
postrouting用来修改源地址用来做SNAT。
I. iptables的语法
iptables -A INPUT -j ACCEPT -A --append # 向规则链中添加一条规则,默认被添加到末尾 iptables -D INPUT -j ACCEPT -D --delete # 删条规则链 -A 向规则链中添加一条规则,默认被添加到末尾 -T 指定要操作的表,默认是filter -D 从规则链中删除规则,可以指定序号或者匹配的规则来删除 -R 进行规则替换 -I 插入一条规则,默认被插入到首部 -F 清空所选的链,重启后恢复 -N 新建用户自定义的规则链 -X 删除用户自定义的规则链 -p 用来指定协议可以是tcp,udp,icmp等也可以是数字的协议号, -s 指定源地址 -d 指定目的地址 -i 进入接口 -o 流出接口 -j 采取的动作,accept,drop,snat,dnat,masquerade --sport 源端口 --dport 目的端口,端口必须和协议一起来配合使用 -P 定义预设规则(Policy) 语法: iptables -P [INPUT,OUTPUT,FORWARD] [ACCEPT,DROP] iptables -P INPUT DROP iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT iptables -P FORWARD DROP
II. iptables常用操作
iptables -L #列出iptables规则 iptables -F #清除iptables内置规则 iptables -X #清除iptables自定义规则 # 可以加入-n查看 /etc/rc.d/init.d/iptables save # 保存规则,只有保存规则后重启机器才不会生效 /etc/init.d/iptables status # 查看规则 /etc/init.d/iptables stop # 停用防火墙 chkconfig –level 35 iptables off # 停止防火墙服务
III. 检查iptables是否生效
# 检测是否打开了22端口 telnet www.phpgao.com 22 # 返回telnet: connect to address 104.224.144.xxx: Connection refused
IV. iptables规则的导出和还原
iptables-save > somefile iptables-restore < somefile
V. 推荐的规则
*filter # Allow all loopback (lo0) traffic and drop all traffic to 127/8 that doesn't use lo0 -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT #-A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT ! -i lo -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT # Accept all established inbound connections -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT #-A OUTPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Allow all outbound traffic - you can modify this to only allow certain traffic -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT # Allow HTTP and HTTPS connections from anywhere (the normal ports for websites and SSL). -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # DNS(not need this rule, as we only accept the input with [ESTABLISHED,RELATED]) #-A INPUT -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT # DNS #-A OUTPUT -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT # Allow ports for testing #-A INPUT -p tcp --dport 8080:8090 -j ACCEPT # Allow ports for MOSH (mobile shell) #-A INPUT -p udp --dport 60000:61000 -j ACCEPT # Allow SSH connections # The -dport number should be the same port number you set in sshd_config -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW --dport xxx -j ACCEPT # Allow ping -A INPUT -p icmp -m icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT #-A OUTPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT #-A OUTPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT # DDoS -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -m limit --limit 25/minute --limit-burst 100 -j ACCEPT # Log -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 -A OUTPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Log iptables denied calls # -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7 # Allow s.h.a.d.o.w.s.o.c.k.s connections # The -dport number should be the same port number you set in config.json -A INPUT -p tcp --dport xxx -j ACCEPT # Reject all other inbound - default deny unless explicitly allowed policy -A INPUT -j REJECT -A FORWARD -j REJECT #-A OUTPUT -j DROP COMMIT
Reference:
http://www.cnblogs.com/argb/p/3535179.html
http://www.cnblogs.com/rockee/archive/2012/05/17/2506671.html
http://yijiu.blog.51cto.com/433846/1356254
http://linux.chinaunix.net/techdoc/net/2008/02/14/978344.shtml
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